Chapter 2.1 : Culture: This session covers the following content: Stephen Jay Gould highlights that facts are not objective, as their interpretations are influenced by factors like theory, habit, prejudice, and Culture, which shape how we perceive and choose the facts we observe. The following sessions examine how culture influences thinking patterns. Contrasting Western Cultural Tendencies with Non-Western Cultural Tendencies. Session #2.1 Contrasts the following Areas: The Universal Domains: Western: Divides the natural from the supernatural.
 Non-Western: Sees creator and creation as interconnected.
 Matter & Spirit: Western: Treats matter and spirit as separate.
 Non-Western: Views them as unified.
 Universal Operating System: Western: Operates under a closed system governed by natural laws, making it predictable.
 Non-Western: Operates under an open system, influenced by a creator, spirits, and miracles, making it unpredictable.
Chapter 2.2 : Culture: This session covers the following content: ​Locus of Authority Western: Emphasizes internal authority and self-responsibility.
 Non-Western: Looks to external authority, with others being responsible.
 Authority Structure: Western: Independent, autonomous, and competitive.
 Non-Western: Dependent on others, community-focused, and cooperative.
 Cognitive Processing Type: Western: Auditory-based processing.
 Non-Western: Visual-based processing.
 Logic: Western: Linear, sequential, and systematic, with cause and effect logic.
 Non-Western: Block-style, non-linear, considering multiple relationships, often unpredictable.
 Location of Thought: Western: Internal, abstract, reductionist thinking.
 Non-Western: External, concrete, context-based, and holistic.
Chapter 2.3 : Culture: This session covers the following content: Location of Thought: Western Tendency: Internal= Auditory based; Abstract - No context; Reductionistic Non-Western Tendency: External= Visually based; Concrete - context based; Wholistic Thought Orientation: Western: Focused on future, hypothetical, and progressive thinking.
 Non-Western: Reflective, historical, and conservative, focused on practical problem-solving.
 Product of Thought Process: Western: Abstract ideas; innovation, and new technology. Non-Western: Creative problem-solving and re-production of ideas.
Chapter 2.4: Culture: This session covers the following content: Categories of Thought: Western: Secular and sacred are separate.
 Non-Western: Sacred and secular are intertwined.
 Reason and Faith: Western: Distinguishes between faith (belief) and reason (logic).
 Non-Western: Sees faith as reasonable and connected to action.
 Expression of Faith: Western: Through creeds and doctrines.
 Non-Western: Through deeds and actions.
 Critical Thinking and Character Dispositions: Education experts believe it's not enough to teach critical thinking skills alone. Character dispositions like truth-seeking, open-mindedness, analytical ability, confidence in reasoning, and maturity of judgment are essential for critical thinking to flourish. The ideal critical thinker is described as inquisitive, well-informed, honest, and fair-minded, willing to reconsider and seek relevant information while being persistent and orderly in complex matters. Which cultural tendency do these dispositions reflect?